تطبیق ویژگی‌های ترسیمی کودکان در خانواده‌های شاد و دارای بحران بر اساس آزمون ترسیم خانواده (مدل کرمن) و مصاحبه (مطالعه موردی: کودکان ۸ تا ۱۰ سال دختر شهر تهران)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناسی ارشد نقاشی، دانشکده هنر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی تهران مرکزی، تهران، ایران

2 عضو هیأت علمی وابسته گروه نقاشی، دانشکده هنر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تهران مرکزی، تهران، ایران

3 کارشناسی ارشد مدیریت استراتژیک، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

دوران کودکی از مهم‌ترین مراحل زندگی است که در آن پایه‌های شخصیت فرد شکل می‌گیرد و خانواده، به‌عنوان نخستین پایگاه تربیتی کودک به‌شمار می‌رود؛ لذا شیوه‌های تربیتی والدین و شرایط روانی ـ اجتماعی حاکم بر خانواده می‌توانند تأثیرات عمیقی بر شکل‌گیری هویت کودک داشته باشند. خانواده‌های درگیر بحران‌های روانی، عاطفی یا ساختاری، معمولاً محیطی ناایمن برای رشد فراهم می‌آورند که می‌تواند در رفتارها و بازنمایی‌های کودک به‌ویژه در آثار هنری‌اش بازتاب یابد. نقاشی یکی از ابزارهای فرافکن است که از طریق آن می‌توان به دنیای اندیشه‌ها، احساس‌ها و تجارب هیجانی کودک دست یافت. پژوهش حاضر به مقایسه ویژگی‌های ترسیمی کودکان در خانواده‌های شاد و دارای بحران، با استفاده از تست ترسیمی آزمون خانواده (مدل کرمن) و مصاحبه با کودکان و والدین آنها، به روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی می‌پردازد. شیوه گردآوری اطلاعات به‌صورت کتابخانه‌ای و میدانی است. سطح ترسیمی آزمون خانواده که شامل مؤلفه‌های خط، رنگ، فضا، فاصله بین اشخاص، بی‌ارزش نمودن اشخاص، اضافه نمودن شخصیت‌های دیگر، کمبود محبت، تعیین هویت، و ویژگی‌های اجتماعی، فرهنگی و اقتصادی هستند، مورد بررسی قرار گرفته و با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS و آزمون مجذور خی دوطرفه تحلیل شده است. آزمودنی‌ها شامل 50 کودک سنین مابین 8 تا 10 سال دختر بودند که با مراجعه به مدرسه دخترانه شهید بهشتی در منطقه 15 تهران و 12 خانه بازی در مناطق 1، 2، 3، 6، 15، 22 تهران در سال 1402، به روش خوشه‌ای تصادفی انتخاب شده‌اند. در یافته‌ها در شاخص‌های «خطوط بارز، پررنگ، آزادانه و بلند»، «خطوط قطعه‌قطعه، متغیر و پیچیده»، «رنگ‌های سرد»، «رنگ خاکستری و مشکی» و همچنین شاخص «نزدیک به هم یا دست در دست» و «برجسته‌کردن شخصی در تصویر» تفاوت معنادار میان خانواده‌های شاد و دارای بحران مشاهده شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparing drawing features of children in happy families with the ones in troubled families based on family drawing test (Corman model) plus interviews (Case study: Girls aged 8 to 10 in the city of Tehran)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Shanly Momeni 1
  • atieh youzbashi 2
  • Farnaz Kalantari 3
1 Master of Painting, Faculty of Arts, Central Tehran Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 Associate faculty member of Painting Department, Faculty of Arts, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
3 Master of Strategic Management, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Theoretical Background: Childhood is considered the most important period in forming the personality of a person inside the family. Family is the smallest yet most important and stable among social groups in a society. It can even be named as the primary base for shaping a child’s emotions, self-image, interpersonal interaction abilities, and relationships. So, children’s upbringing can be affected by parents’ interaction with each other and their children; the level of stability and mental security inside the family; overindulgence and negligence in terms of child-rearing, and even adverse living conditions. All of these can negatively affect the child’s identity formation resulting in a dent in his/her understanding of the surrounding environment especially the inner structure of the family paving the way for prospective crises in their life.
 Children face difficulty regarding directly expressing their emotions and experiences through words but when it comes to indirect methods like pictures and drawing provide a way into their world helping them express their feelings. Drawing is one of the methods known to be affected by cognitive, emotional, and social development which makes it a window to the world of children overlooking their emotions and thoughts. Children’s drawings in happy families and troubled ones have various features and scales, as a result analyzing the child’s projection in a family drawing test can give us valuable information considering the child’s personality, possible conflicts, and the relationship between the child and parents, siblings, and others.  
Research Objective: The current study tried to use a family drawing test (Corman model) and semi-structured interviews, in a descriptive and analytical manner, with children and their parents in an attempt to identify and analyze children in happy families and troubled ones. The aim of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of the mental representation of children from the family, how the emotional situation of the family is reflected in their drawings and verbal responses, and to pinpoint indicators that can contribute to the diagnosis of mental disorders or mental health in a family system. This study aims to explore the differences in emotional and cognitive traits between children from happy families and those from troubled ones. And how can the analysis of drawings along with conversations with children provide a more realistic picture of their mental state and emotions within the family? A family drawing test is an appropriate method to go beyond inappropriate defense mechanisms and the obtaining of genuine and less defensive responses from the child. With the help of this method most unconscious orientations, conflicts, personality disorders in children and their defense mechanisms, as well as the relationship between the role of the family and these disorders in their development, can be diagnosed.
Research Methodology: The methods for finding information were based on library and field research. The family study interface includes writing components, the font, the color, the space, the distance between the characters, the worthlessness of the characters, the addition of other personalities, love, identification, social, cultural, and economic characteristics, which were examined and analyzed using SPSS software and two-way analysis of variance. The participants were 50 female children aged between 8 and 10. They were chosen, using cluster randomization, from Shahid Beheshti school in District 15 Tehran and game centers for children in districts 1- 2-3-6-15 and 22 in Tehran in 1402.
Discussion and Analysis: Based on library research and statistical sample analysis, there were 27 happy families and 23 families with problems in the present study. The research components are categorized based on 9 most common factors handwriting, color, space, distance among people, devaluation of people, addition of other personalities, lack of love, identity determination, as well as cultural, social, and economic characteristics; each of which has several main characteristics that have been examined and analyzed.
Based on the Chi-Square Test results, to examine the differences between two groups of children in happy and troubled families, two out of four descriptive variables related to the line, are meaningful between the two groups. Other indicators do not have any significant differences. Hatched, clear, independent, and long lines and “broken, variable, and complex lines” are significant differences between families with and without troubles. In the ‘Hatched, clear, independent and long’ category, the happy family group is prevalent, while ‘broken, variable and complex’ lines are more common in the troubled family’s group. Of the three characteristics related to color, two are significant between the two groups. ‘Cold colors’ and “brown and grey colors” are significant differences between families with and without troubles, and are more prevalent in terms of frequency in the troubled family’s group. Of the six descriptive characteristics related to space, no significant difference was observed between families with and without troubles in any of the indicators. Of the two descriptive characteristics related to the distance between individuals, the indicator ‘close to each other or hand in hand’ showed a significant difference between families with and without troubles. ‘Close to each other or hand in hand’ was observed in both troubled and happy families, but it was more common in happy families. Of the three indicators related to devaluing people, no significant difference was observed between troubled families and happy families. In terms of the additional indicator of adding other people's names, no significant differences were observed between troubled and happy families. Based on two indicators related to Affection Deprivation, no significant differences were observed between families with and without trouble. Of the two indicators related to identification, the indicator ‘relief painting of a person in the picture’ was significantly different between families with and without trouble, with a higher prevalence in families with trouble. Based on two indicators related to cultural, social, and economic characteristics, no significant differences were observed between families with and without trouble.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Family drawing test
  • Corman test
  • Happy family
  • Troubled family
  • Painting

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پژوهش‌های میان‌رشته‌ای هنر
دوره 3، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 4
بهار و تابستان 1404
اردیبهشت 1404
صفحه 131-160

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سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 15 اسفند 1403
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 02 اردیبهشت 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 13 اردیبهشت 1404
  • تاریخ انتشار: 25 اردیبهشت 1404

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