بازخوانی برخی از هنرهای سنتی در حاشیه تالاب انزلی با رویکرد ارزیابی هزاره اکوسیستم

Introduction: Art and culture have long been intertwined, and understanding the cultural context is essential for interpreting art. Global environmental studies reveal that protecting natural ecosystems is impossible without recognizing the cultures that have evolved alongside them. Sustainable balance in ecological and social systems is achievable by safeguarding both biodiversity and cultural diversity. The "Millennium Ecosystem Assessment" (2001–2005) laid a scientific foundation for sustainable conservation and use of natural ecosystems, emphasizing the role of cultural ecosystem services. It identified art as an inspiring cultural service. Traditional arts, deeply rooted in culture, customs, and beliefs, require interdisciplinary research to analyze their connection to the environment. Such research can foster better human-environment interactions, enhance cultural understanding, and support environmental conservation. This study explored the intersection of traditional arts and cultural services in preserving Anzali Wetland as a case study.
Background: Previous studies have addressed various aspects of Anzali Wetland and its conservation. Talaei and Daryadel (2015) examined legal challenges to the wetland’s preservation. Eshqi, Afhami, and Danekar (2023) assessed the public perception of the wetland’s cultural services to encourage participation in its protection. Other studies, such as those by Nikfetrat and Beitraf (2016), Norouzi, Monsef, and Nouri (2023), and Moghimi-Nejad et al. (2023), have investigated the role of culture in sustainable architecture, rural development, and the relationship between traditional arts and handicrafts, respectively. Shah-Hosseini and Hajian-Faroshani (2023) conducted a comparative study on basket weaving in Gilan and Hormozgan provinces, while Aghakhani Bijani and Fasharki (2020) analyzed the social functions of rituals in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. However, no interdisciplinary research has explored the connection between traditional arts and the cultural ecosystem services of natural environments. This study addresses this gap.
Objective: The study aims to raise awareness about the cultural services of Anzali Wetland, one of the most vulnerable ecosystems, to encourage its conservation.
Research Question: How do the traditional arts of the local communities around Anzali Wetland contribute to its conservation?
Methodology: Through library research and examination of rural divisions in Gilan province and maps from Iran’s national statistics portal, 42 villages and one city within a 10-kilometer radius of Anzali Wetland were identified as target settlements. Four types of traditional arts—traditional architecture, basket weaving, Lutka (wooden boat) crafting, and traditional rituals—were selected as cultural services. Questionnaires were distributed to local tourism authorities and village leaders to determine the presence of these arts over the past three years. Data were analyzed descriptively and analytically.
Findings and Discussion: The results revealed that traditional architecture and rituals have disappeared, while Lutka crafting and basket weaving are in decline.
Traditional Architecture: Once a vital part of Guilan’s culture, traditional architecture has faded due to modern construction methods. Incorporating the climate-responsive and structural features of traditional Guilanese architecture into contemporary designs may address this loss. Efforts like showcasing traditional homes in Gilan's Rural and Cultural Heritage Museum have been somewhat effective but insufficient.
Lutka Crafting: This traditional art and industry, once central to transportation and fishing, has nearly vanished. Historically, abundant forest resources provided the raw materials for crafting wooden boats, employing many locals. However, environmental degradation, deforestation, lack of interest from younger generations, urban migration, and the rise of fiberglass boats have led to its decline. Today, only four active craftsmen remain in Bandar Anzali and two in Abkenar village. These artisans continue their craft out of a desire to preserve their ancestral heritage and local culture.
Basket Weaving: This handicraft, which uses locally available natural materials, remains relatively active due to its low cost, simple tools, and suitability for small spaces. It is also a significant source of employment, particularly for women. Financial support for women basket weavers has contributed to the craft’s continuity, but it is now limited to Bandar Anzali and Abkenar. Factors like urbanization and the influx of cheap, imported crafts have reduced its popularity. Recent innovations in basket weaving, however, have opened international markets, generating substantial income.
Traditional Rituals: Traditional rituals have disappeared from the studied settlements. In the past, rituals helped people cope with natural forces they could not control, fostering community resilience. Over time, increased scientific knowledge, societal shifts from traditional to modern lifestyles, and changing perceptions have diminished the significance of rituals. According to Durkheim, rituals play a vital role in reinforcing shared beliefs and practices, which strengthen social cohesion. Reviving traditional rituals can enhance cultural identity, self-esteem, and social pride.
Conclusion: Cultural values, including traditional arts, are integral to sustainable development and ecosystem conservation. In Anzali Wetland, preserving and revitalizing traditional arts such as architecture, basket weaving, and Lutka crafting can enhance public awareness and participation in conservation efforts. Supporting these cultural practices and raising awareness of their environmental significance can foster a deeper connection between local communities and their natural surroundings, ultimately contributing to the sustainable protection of Anzali Wetland.